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| Front-side | Reverse-side |
|---|---|
| 4 zones of a typical sedimentation basin | inlet zone, settling zone, sludge zone, outlet zone |
| A 1-ton cylinder filled with chlorine gas weighs approximately… | 3700 lbs |
| A filter should be backwashed when it has high | head loss |
| A water body with high salinity and warm will generally be… | low in disssolved oxygen |
| a watercourse that flows continuously at all times of the year is called | perennial stream |
| After a jar test is completed, what does a hazy settled water indicate | Poor coagulation |
| After chlorination, free chlorine residual includes | OCl- and HOCl |
| After initial full service operation, grease-lubricated bearings should be regreased at what frequency? | 3 to 6 months |
| Alkalinity consists predominately of … | Bicarbonate, carbonate and hydroxide |
| Apparent color | color in a sample before it is filtered |
| As water temperature increases, the disinfection action of chlorine will… | increase |
| At what pH does alum coagulate most effectively | 6.8 |
| Breakpoint chlorination | addition of chlorine to water until the chlorine demand has been satified. Further additions of chlorine will result in a residual to the amount of chlorine being added |
| centrifugal, positive displacement and turbine are all types of… | pumps |
| chemical used to soften water through chemical precipitation | Calcium hydroxide (lime), caustic soda, sodium sulfate, soda ash and others |
| coagulation | chemicals are added to the water being treated that will cause the suspended particals to clump together. The chemicals are by a flash or rapid mixer |
| Coagulation is a chemical and physical process that converts… | Non settleable solids into settleable solids |
| coagulation occurs in the first | 1 to 5 seconds |
| compliance for total coliforms is determined by… | presence-absence method |
| DBP stands for? | disinfection by-product |
| define adsorption | adhesion of a gas, liquid or dissolved substance ont the surface or interface zone of another substance |
| disease capable of being transmitted by water | typhoid |
| During the night, algae cause the pH of water to… | Decrease |
| Effect of algae on dissolved oxygen | increase DO during the day, and lower DO at night |
| effect of pH on the use of copper sulfate as an algicide | copper sulfate is more effective as pH decreases |
| electrodyalisis is used to remove which materials? | chlorine residual, iron and manganese |
| electronic chlorine detectors with both audible and visual alarms should be located where? | chlorinator room, chlorine storage area, and chlorine withdrawal room |
| floculation | suspended particles gather together to form larger particles by gentle stirring or mixing. The larger groups of particles are easier to remove by sedimetation or filtration. |
| found mainly in groundwater sources and forms a precipitate when oxidized | iron |
| free chlorine residuals are based on a contact time of | 10 minutes |
| Giardia cysts range in size from | 8 to 20 microns |
| Grab Sample | A single sample of water collected at a particular time and placeWhich represents the composition of the water only at that time and place |
| How are filter production (capacity) rates measured? | MGD |
| How are ORP probes used in the disinfection process? | They provide a direct measure of the disinfecting power of the disinfectant |
| How can an operator ensure the accuracy of chemical feed rates? | By testing and calibrating the chemical feeders |
| How can an operator verify the effectiveness of the coagulant chemicals and dosages being applied at the flash mixer? | Perform a series of jar tests |
| How can coupling alignment be checked? | By use of a dial indicator |
| How can flouride chemical overloading be prevented? | By proper operation and continuous monitoring of the product water |
| How can iron, manganeses, and hydrogen sulfide problems be controlled in a resevoir? | By preventing dissolved oxygen depletion |
| How can the corrosivity of water be reduced? | Treat the water so it is saturated or supersaturated with clacim carbonate |
| How can the desired rate of copper sulfate application to a resevoir? be achieved | Speed of the boat, rate of chemical feed and the area being covered by spray apparatus or submerged outlet system |
| How do dissolved solids effect corrosion? | dissolved solids increse corrosion by increasing electical conductivity |
| How does a spectrphorometer work? | When the transmitted light beam strikes the photoelectric tube it generates an electic currrent that is proportional to the intensity of the light striking it |
| How does an operator decide when to backwash a manganese greensand filter? | when head loss reaches 10 psi or after treating a predetermined amount of water |
| How does potassium permanganate remove orin and manganeses from water? | by forming insoluble oxides |
| how does water temperature effect disinfection | colder water requires longer disinfection time or larger amounts of disinfectant |
| How does water temperature influence the volume of sludge produced? | As the temperature increases, the settling rate of the solids increases |
| How extensive should the treatment of reclaimed waters? | Depends on the potential exposure to the public |
| how frequently should performance of the filtration process be evaluated? | At least once per 8 hour shift, more often if water quality is fluctuating. Turbidity should be tested every 2 hours |
| How is a public water system defined? | Must have at least 15 service connections or serve at least 25 individuals daily at least 60 days a year |
| How is chlorine demand determined? | chlorine dose -chlorine residual= chlorine demand |
| How is the removal efficiency of a sedimentation basin determined? | By measuring turbidity at basin inlet and outlet and comparing them |
| How much alkalinity is required for each milligram per liter of alum added to raw water? | 0.5mg/L |
| If ammonia vapor is passed over a chlorine leak, the presence of a leak is identified by… | a white cloud |
| If too much potassium permanganate is used to treat water… | The water turns pink |
| In a chlorine storage area, the temperature whould not be allowed to drop below what? | 55f(13c) |
| In order to prevent freezing, what is the maximum daily chlorine usage from a 150 lb cylinder | 42 lb |
| In the multiple tube fermentation method, what is the sequence of growth media? | LTB, BGB, EMB |
| Iron can be oxidized by aerating the water to form insoluble ferric hydroxide. The rates of iron oxidation can be lowered by which conditions? | Decrease in pH, increase in organic substances, reduction in temperature |
| Killing or inactivation of pathogenic organisms in water | disinfection |
| Main characteristic of raw water that enables blue-green algae to grow | presence of nutrients |
| Mechanical seals need to be replaced when leakage occurs where? | pump body (stuffing box) |
| Mudballs are clumps of | filter media and other material |
| On domestic water supply resevoirs that develop anaerobic zones, what water quality indicators should be monitored? | Hydrogen sulfide, iron and manganese |
| One ton chlorine containers should be moved with an approved lifting beam and a hoist or crane of what minimum load capacity? | 2 ton |
| Over which water quality indicator do operators have the greatest control? | Turbidity |
| Pathogenic organisms | Organisms, including bacteria, viruses or cysts,capable of causing diseases |
| pH is a measure of | Hydrogen ion concentration |
| positive displacement pumps should be operated when… | suction and discharge lines are open |
| Pretreatment may be required before a continuous regeneration manganese greensand plant to oxidize and remove which items? | Iron and sulfide |
| Primary indicator of pump bearing failure | noise from pump |
| reagent | a pure chemical substance that is used to make new products or is used in chemical tests to measure, detect or examine other substances |
| recommended loading rate for copper sulfate for algae control at an alkalinity greater than 50 mg/L | 5.4 lb per acre of surface area |
| Recommended opening of a chlorine cylinder to allow maximum discharge | one full turn of disharge valve |
| Resevoir turnover | denser water at the surface sinking toward the bottom |
| reverse osmosis and nanofiltration membranes are used to remove which constituents from water? | arsenic, dissolved organic material, nitrate, pesticides |
| Short Circuiting | A condition that occurs in tanks or basins when some of the flowing water entering the tank or basin flows along a nearly direct pathway from the inlet to the outlet, resulting in shorter contact, reaction or settling times than desired |
| Specific capacity | amount of water a well will produce for each foot of drawdown |
| Substance found mainly in ground water sources which forms a precipitate when oxidized | Iron |
| surface runoff | water that flows into rivers after rainfall |
| surface water systems must treat for, at a minimum… | coliform bacteria and turbidity |
| t/f a chlorine residual in the form of free available residual chlorine has the disinfection ability | true |
| t/f a Material Safety Data Sheet is your best source of information about dangerous chemicals | true |
| t/f a popcorn flake is a desirable floc appearance | true |
| t/f Additional benefits result from the overfeeding of flouride | false |
| t/f algal blooms rarely take place in the upper layer of water in a resevoir | false |
| t/f Alkalinity is determined by the amount of base required to reach a titration end point (color change) | false |
| t/f always add acid to water, never the reverse | true |
| t/f backwashing at too high a rate is much more destructive than at too low a backwash rate | true |
| t/f Both of the spectroscopic measurement units of percent transmission and absorbance are associated with color intensity | True |
| t/f Brine from ion exchange units may be discharged into wastewater collection systems | true |
| t/f Chloramines are weaker didinfectancts than free chlorine, ozone or chlorine dioxide, but the reiduals remain much longer than free chlorine | true |
| t/f completely empty volumetric pipettes by blowing out the tip | false |
| t/f cross connections in the distrbution system are potentially very hazardous and a source of taste and odor complaints | true |
| t/f Differential pressure flow measuring devices require significant preventive maintenance because of all the moving parts | False |
| t/f During draining of a sedimentation tank , The walls and all the equipment should be completely hosed down and inspected for damage | true |
| t/f Federal laws include sludge from a water treatment plant as an industrial waste and require proper handling and disposal | true |
| t/f flouride doses must never be metered against a negative or suction head | true |
| t/f for corrosion to occur, both electric current and chemical reation must be present | true |
| t/f Hardness is completely removed by the chemical precipitation methods used in water treatment plants | false |
| t/f ideally process control measurements should be made on a continous basis by special instrumentation | true |
| t/f If the filters are performing properly, there should be countable algae in the treated water | false |
| t/f Improper or lack of lubrication is probably the biggest cause of compressor failures | true |
| t/f In reverse osmosis operation, as the temperature of the feedwater increases, flux decreases | false, flux increases |
| t/f In some plants,injection of the potassium permanganate solution in the volute of the pump wil produce complete mixing of potassium permanganate | true |
| t/f In the lime- soda softening process,extra lime will be required as the coagulant alum or iron feed rate goes down and thereforeless lime will be rquired as the alum or iron feed rate is increased. | false |
| t/f increased nutrient levels in source water may result from either natural conditions or increased human activity within the watershed | true |
| t/f low turbidity source waters require sedimentation processes | false |
| t/f many organisms that cause disease in humans originate with the fecal discharges of infected humans | true |
| t/f Many sources of water are directly suitable for drinking without treatment | false |
| t/f Membrane filtration SCADA systems monitor alarm conditions and follow protocols for alarm notification and plant shutdown. | true |
| t/f Methane is involved in the THM reaction | false |
| t/f misalignment is a major cause of pump and coupling wear | true |
| t/f never allow a backsiphon condition to exist i na distribution system | true |
| t/f never pipet chemical reagent solutions or unknown water samples by mouth | true |
| t/f Once the the chemical feed equipment is in operation and the major bugs worked out, the feeder will need to be fine-tuned | true |
| t/f one way to rid a distribution system of iron bacteria is to develop a flushing program | true |
| t/f Operators must be sure to use only NSF certified media and chemicals | true |
| t/f operators should allow as much time as possible for the coagulation reaction | false |
| t/f organics found in the water can consume great amounts of chlorine disinfectants while forming unwanted compounds | true |
| t/f particle counters can be used to indicate probable removal of Cryptosporidium and Giardia achieved through optimized plant performance for particle removal | true |
| t/f polymer powders on floors become extremely slippery when wet | true |
| t/f poor chemical treatment can often result in either early turbidity breakthrough or rapid head loss build up | true |
| t/f precipitation has significant microbial content | false |
| t/f Primary standards or MCLs are set for substances that areThought to pose a threat to health when present in drinking water at certain levels | true |
| t/f process water samples must be representative of actual conditions in the tratment plant | true |
| t/f Sludge from a water treatment plant is considered an industrial waste that requires compliance with the provisions of the Water Pollution Control Act | True |
| t/f sludge produced by a solids contact clarification unit is recycled through the the proces to act as a coagulant aid | true |
| t/f solids cont process units combine the coagulation, floculation and sedimentation processes together in a single basin | true |
| t/f Spent activated Alumina may be regenerated or discarded | true |
| t/f superchlorination is followed by dechlorination as part of the treatment for taste and odors | true |
| t/f the collection of a bad sample or a bad laboratory result are as useful as no results | true |
| t/f The constituents in the water being filtered may cause fouling | true |
| t/f The levels of carbon dioxide, bicarbonate ion and carbonate ion in water are very sensitive to pH | true |
| t/f The most important requirements in the reliable operation of electrical equipment are cleanliness and the elimination of moisture in the insulation | true |
| t/f the water flux increases as the mineral content of the feed increases because the osmotic pressure contribution increases with increasing mineral content | false |
| t/f there are direct adverse health effects from drinking water containing either iron or manganese | false |
| t/f THM samples should be sent to the laboratory immediately after being taken | true |
| t/f Transient water systems are affected by the Unregulated Contaminants Monitoring Rule (UCMR1) | false |
| t/f use regular pipe fittings when making connections with chlorine containers | false |
| t/f water containing high levels of hardness tend to be more aggressivley corrosive | false |
| t/f water is transmitted through a membrane at a much faster rate than minerals | true |
| t/f Waters exceeding th MCLs for metals and salts for short periods of time will pose an immediate threat to health | false |
| t/f when iron and copper are joined, the iron will be protected and the copper will corrode | false |
| t/f Whenever a routine coliform sample is coliform-positive, the Total Coliform Rule calls for dtermination of the presence of fecal coliform or E. Coli and for repeat sampling | true |
| Taste and odor treatment methods can be divided int which categories? | Removal and destruction |
| term for the condition when the source of water supply is below the centerline of the pump | suction lift |
| The amount of water in a water bearing formation depends on | porosity of formation |
| The amount of water in a water bearing formation depends on the… | Porosity of the formation |
| The joints of packing rings used in the stuffing box should be… | staggered |
| The length of the service stage of an ion exchange softener is dependant on which factors? | amount of hardness leakage, exchange capacity of the resin, size of the softener, source water hardness |
| the mineral (salt) flux (mineral passage) through a membrane depends on which factors? | concentration gradient across the membrane and osmotic pressure differential across the membrane |
| The more you know about your plant’s instrumentation, the better operator you become | true |
| The most common type of well used for used for public water supply systems is a | Drilled well |
| The optimum dosage for a polymer is determined by which test? | Jar |
| The Riparian doctrine is sometimes called | Rule of reasonable sharing |
| to measure 500 ml of solution most accurately, one would use… | a 500 ml volumetric flask |
| Trihalomethanes are usually associated with… | water with organics that has been chlorinated |
| Tubercles form on which type of pipe? | ductile iron |
| used to test for residual chlorine | DPD |
| water bearing geologic zone composed of material deposited by flowing rivers | alluvial aquifer |
| What 4 types of filtration can be used to meet the requirements of the surface water treatment rule? | conventional, direct, slow sand or diatomaceous earth |
| what are common symptoms of reverse osmosis membrane damage? | high differential pressure, higher product water flow rate, higher salt rejection, lower product water flow rate, lower salt rejection |
| What are the basic objectives that control operation of water treatment plants? | the production of safe and aesthetically pleasing drinking water at reasonable cost |
| What are the components of a chlorine residual? | Combined chlorine forms plus free chlorine |
| what are the general tratment categories used to classify the treatment methods used to remove arsenic from drinking water sources? | Adsorption, coprecipitation, and physical seperation |
| what are the principal hardness causing ions in water? | calcium and magnesium |
| what are the public health benefits from the filter backwash recycling rule? | a reduction in the risk of illness from microbial pathogens in drinking water particularly Cryptosporidium |
| What are the two broad categories of taste and odor treatment? | Removal and destruction |
| what are THM precursors? | Natural organic compounds found in all surface and ground waters |
| What causes cavitation to occur in a pump? | due to unusually low pressures in the pump |
| What conditions favor the rapid growth of algal blooms? | nutrients and temperature can promote rapid algal growth |
| What do significant changes in source water turbidity levels, either increase or decrease, require? | Immediate verification of filtration process effectiveness |
| What effect will caustic soda have on water | Increase the pH |
| What happens during the brine stage of an ion exchange softener? | The sodium ion concentration is recharged by pumping a concentrated brine solution onto the resin |
| what happens to the lime and lime-soda softening process sludge removed from the bottom of settling basins? | may be disposed of in landfill after dewatering or may be recirculated |
| What happens to the settling rate of particles in water when the temperature drops? | decreases |
| What happens when quicklime reacts with water in the slaking process | it goets hot enough to cause serious berns |
| What is primary function of couplings? | compensate for alignment changes |
| What is carbonate hardness? | That hardness in water caused by alkalinity present in water up to the total hardness |
| What is destratification of a lake or resevoir? | Vertical mixing to eliminate seperate layers of temperature, plant life or animal life |
| What is sludge thickening? | Treatment to remove water from the sludge mass to reduce the volume that must be handled |
| What is the accepted method to measure turbidity? | Nephelometric |
| What is the best tool for managing watersheds? | Regulatory process |
| What is the cause of stratification in lakes and resevoirs? | Formation of seperate layers of temperature, plant life, or animal life |
| What is the first level of maintenance performed at a water treatment plant? | Routine maintenance |
| What is the influence of algal blooms on dissolved oxygen? | An algal bloom will cause a short term increase in DO, followed by a decrease in DO |
| What is the log removal or inactivation required for viruses? | 4.0 log |
| What is the main purose of activated carbon as a filter media? | remove taste and odor causing compounds as well as other trace organics |
| What is the major health risk of nitrates? | Methemoglobinemia (blue baby) |
| What is the major means by which operators can control water treatment processes? | Adjusting chemicals and chemical feed rates |
| what is the most imprtant test used to indicate proper sedimentation | turbidity |
| what is the primary origin of coliform bacteria in water supplies | Animal or human feces |
| What is the primary responsibility of the water treatment operator? | Produce safe and pleasant drinking water |
| What is the purpose of coagulation and floculation? | To remove particulate impurites especially nonsettleable solids and color |
| What is the secret to effective taste and odor control? | Prevent tastes and odors from ever developing |
| What is the term "flux" used to describe? | the rate of water flow through a semipermeable membrane |
| What is the typical strength of Calcium hypochlorite (available chlorine range)? | 65 to 70 % |
| What is toxicity? | The ability of a contaminant (bacteriological or chemical) to cause injury when introduced into the human body |
| What problems are caused by too much sludge buildup in sedimntation basin? | effective depth of basin will be reduced, causing high flow velocities, sludge scouring and decreased performance |
| What should an operator do when a first when a treatment process upset results in failure to meet a specific drinking water quality standard? | Notify appropriate local health authorities |
| What should you do if you find abrupt changes in the source water or filtered water turbidity | immediately review the performance of the coagulation-flocculation process |
| what tests are used to determine if water is undrsaturated or supersaturated with calcium carbonate? | The marble test and Langolier Index |
| what three factors usually cause treatment process falures? | Changes in raw water, operator error, equipment failure |
| whay are waters flouridated | to reduce tooth decay in children |
| When analyzing for iron and manganeses, where should samples be collected? | As close to the well or other source as possible |
| when any piece of elcetrical equipment is being worked on the circuit breaker should be… | de-energized and locked out |
| when handling flouride chemicals, personnel should wear a respirator or mask approve by | NIOSH |
| When iron bacteria form thick slimes on the walls of distributionsystem mains, the slimes are what color from the iron? | rust |
| When measuring turbidity, many small particles will reflect less light than an equivalent large particle | false |
| When shutting down a pump for a long time, why should the electric motor winding heaters be turned on? | to prevent condensation from forming, Which can weaken insulation on the windings |
| When troubleshooting manganese greensand systems, operators should watch for which indications of trouble? | excessive pressure drop across thethe bed immediately after backwashing, filter effluent clear but manganese higher than raw water, filter effluent turbid with yellow to brownish color, water quality good on some units of a multiple unit installation but on others |
| Where are monitoring samples for the lead and copper rule collected? | At the consumers’ taps |
| Where is powdered activated carbon often applied | At flash mixer |
| Where should the minimum chlorine residual be measured in a distibution system? | At the most remote location in the system |
| Whic water quality problems may be related to algal blooms? | Dissolved oxygen depletion, reduced chlorination efficiency, shortened filter runs, taste and odor problems |
| Which common flouride treatment compound comes in solution form? | Flourosilicic acid |
| which disinfectant is usually generated on site? | chlorine dioxide |
| Which existing water tratment processescan be use to control THM’s? | aeration, chlorine dioxide oxidation, coagulation/sedimentation/filtration. permanganate oxidation, powdered and granulated activated carbon |
| which factors influence the procedures used to operate an ion exchange unit and the efficiency of the arsenic removal process? | Brine concentration and contact time, characteristics of the ion exchange resin, quality of the source water, rate of flow applied to the ion exchange unit, salt dosage during regeneration |
| which parameter is used to indicate the clarity of water | turbidity |
| Which part in a centrifugal pump restricts the flow between the impeller discharge and suction areas? | wear rings |
| which piece of laboratory equipment is the most accurate way to measure a volume of liquid? | Pipet |
| Which scale inhibitor is most frequenltly used to prevent the coating of the reverse osmosis membrane? | Sodium hexametaphosphate |
| Which style thermometer will change most rapidly when removed from a liquid sample? | total immersion |
| Which task should be performed immediately following dewatering of a sedimentation basin? | Grease and lubricate all gears, sprockets and mechanical moving parts that have been submerged |
| which type of fire extinguisher should be used on electrical fires? | carbon dioxide |
| Which US agency etablishes drinking water standards? | EPA |
| why are high notrate level of concern in water? | can cause blue baby syndrome and can promote excessive algae growth |
| why are some pressure sensors fitted with surge or over-range protection? | to limit the effect of pressure spikes orwater hammer have on the instrument |
| Why are zinc and magnesium commonly used a sacrificial anodes in water tanks or for buried pipes? | They will corrode preferentially to aluminum and iron |
| Why do some THM sample bottles contain a small amount of chemical reducing agent (Sodium Thiosulfate or Sodium sulfite)? | To stop the chemical reaction that occurs between chlorine and the THM precursors |
| Why do the Surface Water Treatment Rules allow chlorine residual testing to be substituted some some of the bacteriological testing? | To give the operator a quicker indication of the conditions of the system |
| Why has there been an increased interest in disinfectants other than chlorine? | Chlorine may form carcinogenic compounds (Trihalomethanes) |
| why is acid added as a pretreatment step before demineralization using cellulose acetate membranes? | to slow hydrolysis |
| why is ozone prepared on site | because it is very unstable |
| Why is surface wash used during backwashing? | To prevent mudballs |
| Why should a filter be drained if it is going to be out of service for a long time? | To avoid algal growth |
| why should flouride saturators be stirred every day? | To prevent flouride solids from building up |
| why should iron and manganese be controlled in drinking water | they can cause staining,taste and odor problems and dirty water |
| Why should samples for corrosivity tests be taken after postchlorination? | Because disinfectant chemicals may react with corrosion-control chemiicals to either increase or decrease corrosivity |