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| Front-side | Reverse-side |
|---|---|
| active listening | empathic listening in which the listeners echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers’ client-centered therapy. |
| aversive conditioning | a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol) |
| behavior therapy | therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors |
| client-centered therapy | a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, acccepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients’ growth |
| cognitive therapy | therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions |
| cognitive-behavior therapy | a popular integrated therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating behavior) with behavior therapy (changing behavior) |
| counterconditioning | a behavior therapy procedure that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwatned behaviors; based on classical conditioning. Includes systematic desensitization and aversive conditioning |
| eclectic approach | an approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client’s problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy |
| electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) | a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient |
| family therapy | therapy that treats the family as a system. Views an individual’s unwanted behaviors as influenced by or directed at other family members; attempts to guide family members toward positive relationships and improved communication. |
| interpretation | in psychoanalysis, the analyst’s noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviours in order to promote insight |
| lithium | a chemical that provides an effective drug therapy for the mood swings of bipolar (manic-depressive) disorders |
| lobotomy | a now-rare psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cuts the nerves that connect the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain. |
| meta-analysis | a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies |
| psychoanalysis | Sigmund Freud’s therapeutic technique. Freud believed the patient’s free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences – and the therapist’s interpretations of them – released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight |
| psychopharmacology | the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior |
| psychosurgery | surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior |
| psychotherapy | an emotionally charged, confiding interaction between a trained therapist and someone who suffers from psychological difficulties |
| resistance | in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material |
| systematic desensitization | a type of counterconditioning that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias. |
| token economy | an operant conditioning procedure that rewards desired behavior. A patient exchanges a token of some sort, earned for exhibiting the desired behavior, for various privileges or treats. |
| transference | in psychoanalysis, the patient’s transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent) |