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| Front-side | Reverse-side |
|---|---|
| A huge amount of solar energy reaches the planet. Some is captured by plants but the rest is lost…. | lots miss the plants all together, some light misses the chloroplasts some light is the wrong wavelength p/s is inefficient and some is lost as heat |
| Autotrophs | make their own food from an external force e.g photoautotrophs make their own food from the sunlight |
| chi squared | this is used to determine whether there is a significant difference between two sets of results |
| CO2 concentration | measured by gas analysis Affects p/s |
| community | all the organisms of all the species |
| Detritivores | an animal that feeds of rotting organic matter – detritus |
| ecosystem | a natural unit which consists of producers, consumers, decomposers and nonliving omponents |
| experimental hypothesis | prediction that there will be a significant difference bwtween the results |
| habitat | where an organism lives, microorganisms live in a microhabitat |
| heterotrophs | cannot make their own food – consumers |
| how do you do a BOD test | collect two water sampples from the same site, measure the oxygen content of one sample, seal the other sample and in an airtight container and incubate it in the dark at 20 degrees c for 5 days, measure the oxygen levels in the second sample and the difference is the BOD the higher the BOD the more contaminated the water is |
| Humidity | measure it with hygrometer affects rate of evapouration, transpiration, and sweating |
| humus | rotting organic mass of matter in soil |
| Light intensity | measured by light sensor affects rate of p/s |
| line transect | used to show change along a line e.g down the beach |
| niche | what an organism eats and the conditions it lives in |
| null hypothesis | where you predict that there int going to be a significant difference in the results |
| oxygen concentration in water | measured by chemical test affects what can live due to oxygen levels |
| pH | measure with a pH meter affects enzyme activity |
| population | a group of the same species |
| Quadrats | used to measure a set amount of ground, used to compare one set of ground with another usually 0.5m squared or 1m squared |
| standard deviation | = the spread of data about the mean |
| Temperature | measure with a thermometer, affects enzyme activity and metabolism |
| The carbon cycle | p/s is the only way to remove CO2 out of the atmosphere and move it into the ecosystem. respiration replaces it back into the atmosphere |
| these elements are finite, energy is finite, | elements are recycled, energy comes from the sun and is lost as heat. |
| Trophic level | a feeding level in the food chain, the first level is producers, the next levels are primary secondary and tertiary consumers the last levels are usually detritivors. |
| waht are the chain of reactions for eutrophication | fertiliser drains into the river, there is a bloom of algae – blocks light and kills native aquatic plants, the nutrients run out and the algae die, bacteria decomposes the algae and the respiration of the bacteria removes all the oxygen, other native animals die due to lack of oxygen |
| what are abiotic factors | non-living factors thay affect an organism including light intensity, temperature wind movement ect. |
| What are biotic factors | living factors that affect an organism e.g. food supply, predation, competition and disease |
| what are density dependant factors | factors that change with the size of the size of the population e.g. food supply |
| what are farmers pressured to do because of the economy | concentrate on a saller number of crops and grow in large areas of monoculture, remove hedgerows to make more growing space, drain marshy arebas and remove woodland, use a wide variety of pesticides |
| What are saprophytes | decomposers that break down dead organic matter by extracellular digestion. |
| what are the 4 stages of growth and what do they mean | 1-lag phase – slow period of growth, 2-log phase – fast period of growth – unlimited growth 3-growth slows due to limiting factors e.g. food 4-population stabalises – carrying capacity |
| what are the advantages of inorganic fertilisers | exact composition known, easy to store and handle, can be applied with light machinery |
| what are the advantagwes of organic fertilisers | cheap, not easily lost by leaching, improves soil better humus levels water retention and texture |
| what are the disadvantages of inorganic fertilisers | expensive, rapid leaching into rivers, applied concentration form – can cause osmotic damage to plants, can cause acidification of soil. |
| what are the disadvantages of organic fertilisers | low nutrient content, swlow releas of nutrients, may contain pathogens that cause disease, may contain metal residues that pass into food chain, require heavy machinery to compact soil |
| What are the first species of succession called | pioneer species |
| what are the new rules on pesticides | they should only affect the target animal and once it has had its affect it should biodegrade into harmless products |
| what are the three types of pyramid | numbers, biomass and energy |
| what are the two types of competion | intraspecific – between same species interspecific – between different species |
| what do consumers need ans make | organic molecules, oxygen |
| what do decomposers need make | organic molecules, oxygen |
| what do producers use and make? | CO2 inorganic ions |
| What does gross primary production mean | the total energy in the organic molecules made by a producer |
| What does leaching cause | eutrophication – a nutrient build up in the river so its over fertile. |
| What elements form living things | carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen |
| what examples of pesticides are used | herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, molluscicides |
| What is a climax community | When the species are balanced |
| What is a consumer | organisms that cannot make their own food, they must consume other organisms |
| What is a food chain/web | chain is a simple flow diagram of what eats what, chain is a more complex diagram to show what eats what |
| what is a plagie climax | where humans stop succession |
| What is a producer | organisms that can photosynthesise and produce organic compounds from inorganic compounds |
| what is denitrification | turn nitrates into nitrogen gas by denitrifying bacteria |
| what is monoculture | growing the same crop in large areas. |
| what is nitrification | where ammonium ions are oxidised into nitrate ions by bacteria – nitrosomonas nitrate oxidised into nitrate NO3- ions by bacteria – nitrobacter |
| what is nitrogen fixation | turning nitrogen gas into nitrates Lightning fixes nitrogen and bacteria-rhizobium contains nitrogenase that allows nitrogen to be fixed be fixed at low temperatures |
| What is special about legumes | they have a mutualistic arrangement where they have nitrogen fixing bacteria to provide them with nitrates. |
| what is succession | it is the gradual replacement of one plant community by another in a given area over time |
| What is the net primary production | the gross primary production – the energy needed by the pant |
| what stratagies can be used to minimise damage to the environment | use more organic manure – which improves soil texture delay the application of chemical fertilisers untill the main growing season so less is washed away, leave croip stuble over the winter so there is less soil to blow away, rotate crops growin different crops makes better use of the minerals available, practise set aside – leave areas of wilderness to develop, stop destroying hedgerow, |
| what was the problem with DDT and other pesticides | there was bioaccumulation so there were deadly amounts of it in the quaternary consumer so it affect their offspring and sometimes caused the death of the consumer |
| whats the disadvantage of removing hedgerows | loss of shelter crops from the wind, oloss of minimalised soil erosion, loss of habitat for animal species and diversity |
| why is photosynthesis important | It is the only way that energy can enter the ecosystem. |
| why might farmers remove hedgerows | to enable them to use large machinery more efficiently to increase the area for growing crops to avoid the need for the maintenance to prevent them from shading the crops to remove what is often seen as a reservoir of crop pests |
| wind speed | measure by anemometer affects evapourationa and cooling, transpiration and thermoregulation |