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| Front-side | Reverse-side |
|---|---|
| After CO2 is added to calvin cycle what happens next | Two molecules of GP are formed which is 3C each ATP is added and 3NADPH to convert the GPS into two molecules of GALP (3C each) 1 carbon is removed from each cycle whilst the other 5 return to form RuBP (5C) and drive the cycle Cylcle occurs 6 times for every glucose molecule |
| anaphase 1 | The chromatids from each pair split apart and move to opposite side of the cell |
| distal covoluted tubule’s function | to actively transport things out of the blood. |
| Does glycolysis require oxygen? | No |
| Facts about ATP | Splitting it releases energy It is small and can diffuse round cells |
| hat organ controls the glucose concentration | pancrease |
| How do hormones work? | The hormones have a specific shape which fits into a receptor protein. When the two bind a change in the cell activity is triggered |
| how does a myelinated sheath help impulses travel fast | prevents the loss of ions |
| how does a rod cell send an impulse | Opsin from rhodopsin causes sodium gat to close, Na+ continue to be pumped out but none diffuses in so membrane becomes hyperpolarised. No transmitter substance is released. Bipolar cell no longer inhibited so it depolarises. transmitter substance released. Cell depolarised so impulse is sent to optic nerve |
| how does ADH affect the collecting duct and water loss | more ADH opens more water channels so more water reabsorbed |
| How does insulin make the cells take in more glucose | The insulin fits into receptor proteins on the cell membrane. This causes extra glucose channels to open. |
| How is energy from excited electrons used in the Light dependent reaction? | to split water – photolysis. |
| how is refractory phase acheived | K+ repelled Na+ channels closed which causes polarity to be restored but ions are the wrong way round Na+/K+ pump starts to restore concentrations where they are restored back to their resting potential. |
| How is the action potential acheived | K+/Na+ pump stops, Na+ channels open Na+ moves in. Inside membrane becomes more +ve than outside, Membrane is depolarised |
| How is the high pressure maintained in the glomerulus | the arteriole leading in is larger than the one leading out. |
| how is the proximal convoluted tubule designed for its function | It has a large surface area for maximum diffusion. It has ots of mitochondria to provide energy for active uptake |
| How is the resting potential acheived | 3Na+ pumped out 2K+ pumped in by active transport some K+ diffusion out Outside the axon membrane becomes move +ve than inside |
| In deamination what happens to ammonia | it is converted to urea, by the ornithine cycle 2NH3 + CO2 = CO(NH2)2 + H2O |
| In the proximal covoluted tubule how does the filtrate get reaborbed and how much is | 80% water by osmosis all glucose, amino acids and 85% of ions by active uptake |
| Insulin and glucagon are antagonistic what does this mean | That the two things work to give opposing effects |
| Is ATP formed in the link reaction | No but 2 molecules of NADH are |
| is the ascending limb impermeable to water | ascending limb is impermeable to water |
| whaat does the parasympathetic system release | acetylecholine whichj brings about involentary actions, e.g. heartbeat decreases, pupil constricts, salivation increases, bronchioles constrict, dijestive juices stimulates, tearducts increase secretion, bladderwalls constrict. |
| What are effectors | organs that bring about a response, usually muscles or glands |
| What are hormones made of | peptides, proteins or lipids. A liquid hormone is called a steroid |
| What are the 3 colours of cones | red, blue, green |
| what are the 4 stages of respiration? | glycolysis, link reaction, Krebs cycle, ETC |
| What are the 5 classifications in the hierarchy | kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species |
| What are the by products of the ETC | low energy e- and protons which form water with the O2 you breathe in |
| What are the features of skeletal muscle? | other name is striped or volentary it is rapid and powerful contraction gets tired fast, its attached to the skeleton, used for movement and maintaining posture |
| what are the features of smooth muscle | called unstriped involentary slow less powerful gets tired slowly goes around tubular organs slow rhthmic peristalsis |
| What are the group of cells called for glucose control | islets of langerhan |
| what are the key features of Kingdom Animalia | cells do not have cell walls. Cells are specialised for a variety of functions. Have no photosynthesis and rely on other organisms for ntrients, Can move from place to place Growth is not confined to a limited nnumber of cells |
| what are the key features of Kingdom Plantae | Have cell walls Specialised organs include roots, stems and leaves, have only small groups of cells that grow, most contain a pigment like chlorophyll to make their own food |
| what are the main features of cardiac muscles | rapid powerful contractions, involentary myogenic doesnt fatigue in a healthy person pumps blood |
| What are the names of the carbon compounds formed in order | Citric acid 6C Ketoglutaric acid 5C Succinic acid 4C Malic acid 4C oxaloacetic 4C |
| What are the stages of meiosis | Interphase, Early prophase, LAte prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, interphase 2, prophase 2, metaphase 2, anaphase 2, telophase 2 |
| What are the symptoms of type 1 diabetes | Thirst glucose in urine weight loss breath smells of ketones excessive urination |
| What are the two main parts of photosynthesis | Light dependent and light independent |
| What are the two systems of homeostasis | positive and negative feedback |
| What are they two type of islets of langerhan and what do they do | Alpha cells – glucagon Beta cells insulin |
| What does glutamate do in a rod cell | prevents the cell from becoming depolarised and sending an impulse. It is an inhibitor |
| What does glycogenolysis mean | the breakdown of glycogen to release glucose – stimulated by glucagon |
| what does glycolysis yield | 2 molecules of ATP and 2 NADH |
| What does the enyme become in the link reaction | Acetylecoenzyme A |
| What does the krebs cycle make per glucose, (2 turns of the cycle) | 2ATP, 2FADH and 4CO2 |
| What does the redox reaction realease | energy used to make ATP |
| what does the sympathetic system release | noradrenaline which gets the body ready for action e.g. contracts bladder sphincter, heartbeat increases, pupils dilate, salivation decreases, bronchioles dilate, digestive juices inhibits bladderwalls relaxes |
| What does yellow stimulate | red and green receptors |
| What else can e- do | Help reduce NADPH |
| What enzyme catalyses the Calvin cycle | Rubisco |
| What first happens in the link reaction | the pyruvet is used to produce acetate and carbon dioxide |
| What haooens in metaphase 1 | The bivalents arrange themselves on the psindal equator |
| What happens in anaphase 2 | chromatids are pulled apart |
| What happens in early prophase 1 | chromosomes become visible |
| What happens in interphase 1 | DNA replicates |
| What happens in late prophase1 | Each homologous pair comes together to form a bivalent which froms two chromatids per chromosome. Genetic mixing occiurs over charismata. Cross over points are visible |
| What happens in metaphase 2 | Chromosomes, which is a pair of chromatids aline on equator of spindles |
| what happens in Prophase 2 | a new spindle froms at right angles to the last |
| what happens in telophase 1 | cytokinesis |
| What happens in telophase 2 | Cytokinesis to leave 4 haploid cells |
| what happens in the collecting duct | As the collecting duct passes through the hypertonic salt bath in the medulla, water leaves the filtrate by osmosis, so concentrating the urine and conserving water. The water leaves through special water channels in the cell membrane called aquaporins. |
| What happens to e- released by chlorophyll a | they pass down an ETC whic synthesises ATP – photophosphorylation |
| What happens to the water particles after it has been split | The e- replace ones lost by chlorophyll, the protons help reduce NADPH. Oxygen is released into atmosphere |
| What happens when a photon hits chlorophyll a | The pigment becomees excited and emits two high energy e- |
| What happens when we get too hot | We sweat, – heat is used to evapourate the sweat Vasodilation – more blood goes to the skin so it looses heat Lowers hairs – pili muscles relax |
| What happens when we’re too cold | Shiver Vasoconstriction Raise hairs Increase metabollic rate |
| what i an ectotherm | organism that can only regulate their core temperature by behaivour i.e sitting inthe sun. Their body temperature is similar to that of the environment |
| What is a hormone | a chemical produced by an endocrine gland. Hormones travel in the blood stream and have an effect on a particular target organ or cell. |
| What is a motor neurone | a nerve cell that carries impulses from the CNS to the effectors |
| What is a receptor | a specialised cell that detects a stimulus and initiates a nerve impulse |
| what is a sensory neurone | a nerve cell that carries impulses from the receptor to the central nervous system |
| What is a stimulus | a change in an organism’s environment that can be detected by receptor cells |
| What is an endocrine gland | one that synthesises and secretes hoprmones. These glands have no ducts. They relesase the hormone directly into the blood, e.g pituitary gland |
| What is an endotherm | mammals and birds are endotherms which means they have the ability to control their core temperature regardless of external temperature |
| What is filtered out at the glomerulus | everything that is small enough to fit |
| What is gluconeogenesis | the production of glucose from pyruvet – stimulated by glucagon |
| what is glycogenesis | the production of glycogen from glucose – stimulated by insulin |
| What is homeostasis | The ability of an organism to maintain its internal conditions within particular limits |
| what is interphase 2 | a resting time |
| What is phosphorylation and how does it occur in respiration | The addition of Pi to ADP to form ATP. The ETC releases energy to pump H+ ions into the membrane. These then diffuse out the other side which releases enough energy for this reaction with the catalyst ATPase |
| what is speech controlled by | Broca’s and wernicke’s areas |
| What is the ATP production formular? | ADP + Pi +energy = ATP |
| What is the central nervous system | the brain and spinal cord. the CNS processes incoming information and produces a response, often based on previous experience |
| What is the equation for photosynethsis/respiration | carbondioxide + water < |
| What is the ETC made from | A series of proteins on the inner mitochondrial membrane which are folded into cristae to give a large surface area |
| What is the first part of the nephron in a kidney | the bowmans capsule and glomerulus found in the cortex |
| what is the loop of henle’s job | to make the tissue fluid have a more negative water potential by pumping sodium and chloride ions into it. |
| What is the reaction called where the e- pass along the chain | Redox |
| what is the second part of the nephron in the kidney | the proximal convoluted tubule |
| what is the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction | an impulse arrives at a neuromuscular junction the junction secretes acetylcholine which fits into receptor sites motor end plate the binding causes a change in permeability of the sarcomere reticulum resulting in the Ca+ move to the myofilament. Ca+ bind to troponin, which displaces the tropomyosin so that myosin heads can bind to the actin. the myosin heads pull backwards, so actin is pulled over myosin, ATP removes the Ca+ so the trigger is made to start the process again |
| what is the third part of the kidneys | loop of henle goes into the medulla |
| What is transferred to the light independant reaction? | NADPH and ATP |
| What occurs at the glomerulus and bowmans capsule | Ultrafiltration |
| what occurs at the synapses | calcium channels open. Ca+ flow into the synaptic knob the vesicles to move to the presynaptic membrane vesicles fuse with the presynaptic membrane and discharge their contents into the synaptic cleft molecules of the transmitter diffuse across the gap and fit into receptor proteins on the postsynaptic membrane post synaptic membrane changes permeability allowing movement of Na+ ions =excitatory postsynaptic memrane charge (EPSE) When EPSE reaches threshold an action potential is generated |
| What occurs in glycolysis | one molecule of glucose is oxidised to form two molecules of pyruvet |
| What part opf the brain detects core body temperature from the blood | hypothalamus |
| What provides the e- for the ETC | NADH and FADH |
| whats the fourth part of the nephron | diastol convoluted tubule |
| when amino acids is broken down, what happens to the carboxylic acid group | it is respired, |
| where does deamiation occur | liver cells |
| Where does glycolysis occur | in the cytosol in the cytoplasm |
| Where does the krebs reaction occur | in the matrix of mtiochondria |
| Where does the light dependent reaction occur? | in the thylakoids |
| Where does the light independent reaction occur | stroma |
| Where doesx the link reaction occur? | in the matrix of the mitochoindria |
| Where is the cerebral hemisphere on the brain | its the large bit that goes round the outside of the brain |
| where is the medulla in the brain? | At the base connected to the spinal cord |