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| Front-side | Reverse-side |
|---|---|
| ...I wonder… | ～かしら（女）、～かな（男）､ ～かなあ |
| ...unless.. | ～なければ, used by itself carries the connotation of "unless". あの本を読まなければ 分かりません。 ちゃんと練習しなければ危ないですよ |
| "All you have to do is…..." | 。。。。～ばいいです。 Similar to the ～たらいいです、 but is not usually used to give advice about a current situation. 店員に聞ければいいです。 all you have to do is ask the shop assistant. 砂糖を入れればいいです all you have to do is add sugar. |
| "I have decided to do something and am doing it" | ....ことにしている 毎日、牛乳を飲むことにしている i make it a habit to drink milk every day. |
| "If, as you say,....." "If it is true that….." |
verb/adj/noun + ～なら In this construction, you are taking the current situation or something that another person has said as the basis ofor your conjecture. 鈴木さんが来ないなら 私は帰ります。 if (as you say) suzuki isnt coming, I’ll go home. ｺﾝﾋﾟｭｰﾀが故障しているなら タイプライターを使いましょう。 If (it is true that) the computer is broken, lets use the typewritter. This construction is similar to ～のだったら |
| "just as i was about to….." | plain volitional + としたら。。。 plain volitional + としたところ。。。 plain volitional + とした時。。。 |
| 26. Causitives N1 makes N2 do / N1 lets N2 do N1 makes N2 do N3 / N1 lets N2 do N3 |
class one Root + A-col +せる class two Root + させる 来る -> こさせる （来させる） N1 makes N2 do / N1 lets N2 do N1 が (は) Ｎ２に/を causitive form of intransitive verb N1 makes N2 do N3 / N1 lets N2 do N3 N1 が (は) Ｎ２に N3を causitive form of transitive verb |
| A negitive command " Dont…." |
Dictionary form of verb + な ここにゴミをすてるな そんな馬鹿なことするな dont do such a stupid thing |
| Admonishment and Prohibition You must not do…... |
Te-form + は + (だめだ､ ならない、 いけない、 こまる） だまだ is the strongest, いけない is the weakest. こまる means indirectly inconveniencing the speaker. |
| Expressing an Obligation or Duty "One must, one has to…." |
て-form, (negative, nonpast) + は ＋ （ ならない､ いけない､ だめだ ） このレンタカーは６時までに返さなくていけない 早く寝なくてはいけませんよ もっと勉強しなくてはだめだよ Root negative, nonpast, + ければ ＋ （ ならない、いけない､ だめだ ） |
| +Making a Suggestion+ How about if you (do….)? Why not (do….)? It would be good if you(do…)? |
Ta-form of verb + ら － いかがですか How about if you (do….)? ー どうですか Why not (do….)? ー いいと思います It would be good if you(do…)? In colloquial speech, the endings are often unexpressed. Sentance ends with rising intonation. 何を着ていったらいい？ what should i wear ? |
| 22. WIthout doing….. | ～ないで the negitive form (ないform) of vers + で, the negitive te-form of the verb is used to make an adverbial phrase clause meaning …."without doing…." 昨晩は全然寝ないで 宿題をしていました 靴を脱ぐないで、 家の中に入ったんですか ～ないで can be replaced with ～なくて when the subsequent clause expresses emotions, judgements, or reasons. In fact, ~なくて is more common. 三村さんと話さなくていいですか 人はあまり来なくて 寂しいパーティー だった。 |
| 22.3 leave something undone for the time being or for a specific reason | ～ないで ＋ おく means leave something undone for the time being or for a specific reason. お父さんのためにそのステーキをたべないでおきました。 来月旅行にお金を使うので 今月はあまり使わないでおいた。 |
| ２４．３ adjectives expressing emotions | 。。。は。。。。が。。。。 私は三村さんがうらやましいですね (envious) |
| 24.4 Singling out and individual from a set of items | 。。。。は｡。。。が｡｡ construction すしは まぐろが一番だ 山は富士山が一番有名だ |
| 25.1 exressing appearance and likelihood "It seems that; it looks like; it appears" |
Noun + の/だった な-adj root + な/だった ようだ/みたい I-adj (plain form) verb (plain form) 私の言ったことは正しかったようですね |
| 25.2 expressing how something appears to the speaker, by direct observation. "....looks as if its about to…" "it seems, it looks, it looks like, it appears, it feels like" |
な-adj (root) い -adj (root) ～そうだ verb (conjunctive form) このあたりは便利そうだね (neigbourhood) 時計を貰って、 林さんは嬉しそうだった。 チンさんは今にも倒れそうだった。 （倒れる たおれる - fall down) Ms chin looked as if she were about to collapse at any moment. |
| 25.3 expressing what appears true to the speaker based on information obtained indirectly, by reading or hearing. "I hear that, the word is thatm i understand that, it says that" |
noun (+ だった） な-adj (+ だった） I-adj (plain) +みたい （です） verb (plain) 台風が来るらしいですよ it says that a typhoon is coming. 三村さんは先週病気だったらしいですね i understand that mr mimura was sick last week. A negitive conjecture is expressed by ~ない / ~なかった ＋ らしい その話は本当にじゃないらしい。 my understanding is that that story is not true. |
| 27. Constructions using interogatives – asking for definitions of words that you dont understand |
というのは X っていうのは (col) + interrogatives ＋ ([の] こと）ですか とは (contraction) って (col) 「キリキリ痛む」 とはどういうことですか what does kirikiri痛む mean? 三村っていうのは誰？ who is mimura? |
| 28. Expressing Expectation…. | ～はずだ です noun + / だった na adj |
| accepting a limitation | ～てもいいから、 The permission construction followed by から and is followed by a wish, command, or request, the speaker is stating that he or she is accepting a possibly nfavorable limitation. 高くてもいいから その絵がほしい。 Its ok even though its expensive, I really want that picture. 一度でもいいからあそこへ行ってみたい。 i want to try going there, even if its just once. |
| after doing something….. | て form of verb + から …has the same meaning as verb (ta form) + 後で |
| ago….before….. later…..after, in…. |
Time expression + 前 / 後 （に） 後で and 前に can be used adverbially meaning before and later. そこにはまえに行ったことがあります |
| An N that seems to be V-ing / V-ed | V ような Ｎ |
| Averbial use of Adjectives | I-adjectives Root + く 小さい －> 小さく な-adjectives Root + に きれい －＞ きれいに､ 静か －＞ 静かに |
| Commands | Conjunctive verb form + なさい (polite) 書きなさい、 食べなさい、 しなさい､来なさい Plain form Class one : Root + え 書け､ 立て、読め､ 乗れ､ 泳げ Class two : Root + ろ 食べろ、 見ろ、 Class three : しろ､ 来い （こい） |
| contrary to fact conditionals | Conditionals where if X then Y, but not X nor Y first clause + ～たら/～ば、 second clause (past tense) + のですが。。。 前もって(beforehand) こういうことを知っていれば、 彼とは結婚しなかったんですが。。。 If I had known these things before hand, I would never have married him. もし警察が早く来ていたら 皆助かった（たすかった）のですが。。。。 If the police had gotten there faster, everyone would have been rescued. |
| Contrary to fact wishes | You wish something happened, even though it in fact didnt happen, are expressed by the ～ば､ or the ～たら form followed by the よかった。 the addition of のですが or のに at the end implies that the speaker is scolding or criticizing another person for having failed to do something. 予約すればよかった I wish that i had made a reservation. もっと練習したらよかったのに you should have practiced more. 行けなければよかった。 I wish I hadnt gone 何か言ったらよかったのに I wish you had said something. |
| Deciding to do something ”I will decide to (do)...." " I have decided to (do)..." |
verb (plain non past) + ことにする |
| Describing a Preparatory Action | ～ておく te form of verb + おく (おく itself means to put, to place) "to do something in advance, or ahead of time" "to do something with an eye to the future クラスの前に教科書を読んでおいた。 旅行に行くので スーツケースを出しておこう。 In colloquial speech, でおく is often contracted to とく or ~どく。 これ食べときなさい eat this ahead of time. これ読んどいたよ。 I read this in advance. |
| Describing arritbutes: The は。。。。が construction | N1 は N2 が adjective N1’s N2 is/are (adjective) As for N1 its/his/her N2 is (adjective). |
| Describing arrtibutes with the …は。。。。が。。。construction | N1 は N2 が adjective N1’s N2 is/are (adjective) As for N1, its/her/his N2 is (adjective) 村山さんは顔が細長い。 この机は脚が長くて、 すわりが悪いです。 そのステレオは音がとてもいいです。 私は頭が痛い。 Verbs that are used in this construction include….分かる、見える (to be visible)、聞こえる(to be audible), 要る and 必要だ。 24.3 おなかが空く(to be hungry) 吐き気がする （はきけがする） to be nauseated. 見まいがする （to be dizzy)....and other health related constructions. |
| Describing the appearance of people and things by comparing them to something else | （Nのような、 Ｎみたいな Ｖみたいな Ｖような ） ＋ （顔、スタイル、形、 色、 姿（すがた） 格好（かっこうshape, figure) ) + ( をしている ､ がする） |
| do something (V2) like V1 | V1 ように Ｖ２ |
| Doing something for the sake or benefit of someone else | て form of verb + あげる、 くれる､ もらう Doing something for the sake or benefit of someone else is considered in Japanese to be the same thing as giving and recieving a benefit. Such benefactive acts are expressed by attaching the te form of verbs to the expressions of giving and recieving. |
| each, of each, at a time | ずつ preceded bu a number plus a counter or by a word expressing quantity means each, of each, at a time. 皆にノートを１冊ずつあげよう i will give everyone one notebook each. 少しずつ分かってきました i have come to understand gradually. |
| Epressing Permission | ~てもいい When you ask for permission, use the following construction てform of verb + も + { いい？ いいですか かまいませんか いいでしょうか よろしいでしょうか } "May I do something" |
| Expressing a just completed action | た form of the verb + ばかりだ た form of the verb + ところだ the ところ form is more specifically limited in time whereas the ばかり can be more general in time. |
| Expressing a purpose: in order to (do something), for the sake of (someone, something) | The combination of a noun or verb plus the noun ため forms an adverbial phrase expressing purpose. noun + の + ため （に） verb (plain, nonpast) + ため （に） in order to (do something), for the sake of (someone, something) 林さんのために ケーキを作った テレビを見るために 居間へ行った |
| Expressing an Attempt | Plain volitional form + とする 窓を開けようとしたが 開かなかった。 |
| Expressing an Attempt that ended in futility | to attempt to; to try to; to be about to…. Plain, volitional form of the verb + とする 窓を開けようとしたが 開けなかった。 ( i tried to open the window, but it wouldnt open) 歌を歌おうとしましたが 声を出ませんでした (i tried to sing the song, but nothing came out) |
| Expressing Different States of Actions | .....ところ The noun ところ (place), used with different forms of verbs, expresses different states of actions. Dict. form (nonpast, plain, +ve) + ところだ － to be about to ( do something) Te form + いる + ところだ － to be in the process of (doing something) 私は車を洗うところだ － i am about to wash my car 私は部屋を掃除しているところだ － i am in the midst of cleaning my room. the emphasis is on the instant of time at which the statement is said. (compare with ~ている) |
| Expressing Results and States of Being ～てある | The て form of a transitive verb plus ある indicates that something is in a state of having already been done with wome purpose or for some reason. It can indicate that something is ( or is not) ready. The agent of the action is often omitted because he or she is unknown unimportant, or obvious from the context. て form of verb + ある －something has been done; someone has done something. テーブルの上に箸が出してある。 (chopsticks have been put on the table) ガレージの前に車が止めてあるので 私の車を出せません。 |
| Expressing Results and States of Being ～ている | For most of the transitive-instransitive pairs, the て form of the intransitive verb plus いる means that something is in a state brought about by an unidentified individual or by a natural force. て form of intransitive verb + いる – something has occurred, and the resulting state remains. 前の車のトランクが開いている (the trunk of the car in front of us is open) 何が入っているか (what is inside?, what is included?) |
| Expressing the Frequency of Actions and Events | time word + おきに …...means every この薬は三時間おきに二錠飲んでください take two pills every three hours. 三村さんは一週間おきに病院へ行く mimura goes to the hospital every week. |
| expressing the idea that a subject possesses qualities considered essential or natural for his or her status. | ...らしい。 三村さんは女らしいです。 can mean either 1) its my understanding that mimurasan is a woman, or 2) mimurasan is womanly. Both 女らしい and 男らしい are common expressions in japanese. |
| expressing unrequited wishes | You can express hopes and wishes using the construction ～ばいいですか ～ばいいのに ～ばいいけど Literally saying if would good if only….but it hasnt happened. 車があればいいのに！ I wish I had a car. 満点が取れればいいんですが。。。 I wish I could get a perfect score. |
| for (the purpose of doing something) intended, made especially for (someone or something) as an ajectival phrase |
noun + の + ため + の verb (plain, nonpast) + ため + の これは子供のためのゲームです これはお茶を飲むためのお茶わんです |
| G gives X to R | G が R に X を あげる （さしあげる） Ｇ can be anyone, typically the speaker. R cannot be the speaker. |
| G gives X to R ( speaker is R) | G が R に X を 呉れる （くれる） 下さる （くださる） The Recipient is the speaker or an in-group person, someone closer to the speaker than the giver. The giver is sociallly iequal or inferior to the Recipient. あの人は私に本をくれました 彼もあなたに本をくれましたね |
| How to do something | ～方 Conjunctive form of verbs + 方 。。。。 "how to (do something)" "the way of (doing something)" |
| Intransitive causitives, make vs let | to express that N1 makes N2 do something N1 が N2 を verb + (さ)せる to express that N1 lets/allows N2 do something N1 が N2 に verb + (さ)せる |
| leave something undone for the time being or for a specific reason. | ～ないで ＋ おく お父さんのためにそのステーキを食べないでおいた 来月の旅行のお金を使うので､ 今月お金を使わないでおいた。 |
| N1 does something (V) like N2 N1 is (adjective) like N2 |
N1 は N2 のように Ｖ，Ａ |
| N1 looks like N2 N1 is similar to N2 N1 is like N2 |
N1 は N2 のようなです （だ） |
| N2 that looks like N1 N2 that is like N1 |
N1 のような N2 |
| Negative Request | ～ないでください Negitive te-form of verb + { くださいませんか ください くれ ｝ in decreasing order of politeness "Please dont (do something)" もう電話しないでください。 in informal speech the ください is often ommitted. そこで遊ばないでね そのこと言わないでよ |
| Offering Advice | ほうがいい Ta form of verb/ Nonpast negitive form + ほうがいい （です） you better not, you shouldnt , its better if you (not) do something あまりお酒飲まないほうがいいんじゃありませんか あの人と話したほうがいいよ |
| only ….and nothing else | しか。。。。ない しか replaces other particles such as を､ は､ が |
| only that, and nothing else | ばかり､ differs from だけ in that it implys that and only that. |
| purpose, benefit, reason, cause | ため （に） When ため is used to mean because, it may be preceded by plain past, or nonpast forms of verbs and adjectives, or by the pronoun forms of the copula. |
| R recieves X from G | R が G に （から） X を 貰う （もらう） 頂く （いただく） The recipient can be anyone, the giver is socially equal or inferior to the recipient. |
| Sometimes yes, sometimes no. | contrast of a affirmative and a negative predicate in the たり construction, gives the meaning sometimes yes, sometimes no 牛乳は飲んだり、 飲まなかったりです i sometimes drink milk, and sometimes dont. when the verbs contrast, suggests that the actions alternate. 子供が何度も家を出たり 入ったりしました the children kept going in and out of the house |
| speaking of….. | と言えば － といえば used to introduce a new topic or change the subject. この本は佐野さんのですか 。。。ええ。 ところで 佐野さんと言えば、 もう北海道から帰ってきましたか Is this book mr sanos? speaking of mr sano, has he returned from hokkaido yet? |
| Suggestion of other options not expressed. | でも implies that the hearer can choose from options other than the one specified and thereby avoids giving the impression of being too pushy or insistant. ケーキでも食べませんか ブラウンさんにでも電話しましょう。 でも replaces は、が and も、but is appended to other particle. で is the te form of the copola だ・です . In other contexts, でも means even. 私でも分かります even i understand. |
| The conjunctive form as a coordinating structure | スイッチを入れ、 ライトがつくかどうか確かめます。 （I’ll put on the switch, and check whether or not the light goes on). 一番目の角を左曲がり、 まっすぐ行きます。 Like the te form of the verb, the conjunctive form is used to express sequential and contrasting actions. 電気を消し 部屋を出た。 電気を消して、 部屋を出た。 (both sequential) 私は京都へ行き、 村山さんは大阪へ行った。 (contrastive) The conjunctive form sounds more formal and is seen more in writing and formal speech, especially in instructions. |
| The conjunctive form of a verb of the verb as a coordinating structure | the conjunctive form of the verb can be used as a coordinating structure to connect two clauses. It is used to express sequential and constrasted actions. 電気を消し、 部屋を出た。 （sequential) 私は京都へ行き 三村さんは東京に行った。 （contrasted actions) conjunctive form sounds more formal. More common in writing and instructions. |
| the more…... the…... | 「Ａ］～ば「Ａ］ほど。。。。 古ければ古いほど面白いです the older it is the more interesting it is. 真面目なら真面目なほど上手になります the more serious they are, the more talented they become. これを使えば使うほど気に入ります （いります） The more you use this, the more you will like it. |
| To decide on something | 何にしますか what will you have (choose) たくしーにしますか。 バスにしますか |
| To do things like such and such: Do this, do that, and do other things like them |
Plain past verb, いadj, なadj, + り + する or だ 休みの日は、 テレビを見たり、 本を読んだり、 買い物をしたりする。 |
| To say something happens before or after something else | before noun の 前に verb (dictionary form) 前に *after * noun の 後で verb (ta form) 後で |
| To take someone / To bring someone | 連れて行く ･ to take some one 連れてくる - to bring someone 連れる － to accompany Dont use for superiors – use 一緒いく・一緒来る |
| until, by or before, | まで､ー until までに － before, by |
| without doing…. | ~ないで The negitive form (the ないform ) of verbs + で, the negitive te-form of hte verb is used to make an adverbial clause meaning "without doing…" 昨日の夜は全然寝ないで 宿題をしていました 靴を脱がないで、 家の中に入ったんですか ～ないで can be replaced with ～なくて、 when the subsequent clause expresses emotions, judgements, or reasons. 三村さんと話さなくていいですか |
| と Conditionals – Two interpretations. | noun + だ / でない な adj + だ / でない Ｉ－adj (plain, nonpast form) verb (plain, nonpast form) + と ＋ Resultant Clause PRESENT TENSE ...C2 is a natural or expected conssequence "If…" "whenever…" PAST TENSE Similar to ~たら、but expresses that the resultant clause is a situation beyond the speakers control. Used to describe unexpected events. |
| ば conditionals | The ～ば conditional states a hypothetical condition that is necessary for the resultant clause to come about. Something that has not occurred and may not occur but is necessary. IF and ONLY IF. Class 1: root + え column + ～ば 洗えば、 書けば、 読めば、 待てば、 呼べば Class 2: root + ～れば 見れば､ 食べれば、 起きれば Class 3: すれば、 来れば（くれば） Copula and な だ/です -> なら（ば）/ であれば ： きれいなら、 学生なら、 きれいであれば いadj and -ve root + えcol + ～ば : 安ければ 難しければ、 いかなければ、 高くなければ |