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Alexander Graham Bell Invented telephone (1876).
Capital Money invested in businesses
Corporation A corporation raises money by selling shares in the company to investors. This allowed business leaders build large factories with hundreds of workers.
Edmund Cartwright Created a new powered loom. It could weave the thread into cloth as fast as the new spinning machines produced it.
Enclosure laws Britain’s Parliament passed laws that allowed landowners to fence off their land.
Guglielmo Marconi Developed radio (1895)
Henry Cort Found a way to use coal to turn iron ore into pure iron (1753).
How did Britain’s Parliament try to protect the country’s technology advances? Britain’s Parliament passed laws keeping ideas, inventions, and skilled workers from leaving the country.
How did British business owners help spread industrialism to Europe and the United States? British business owners began to invest in factories and railroads in Europe.
How did coal help the industrial revolution? Coal replaced wood as the fuel for running machines.
How did European governments help spread industrialism? European governments helped build factories, railroads, canals, and roads.
How did land use change during the industrial revolution? The enclosure laws meant that landowners could grow the same crop in whole areas, which meant larger harvests and greater profits.
How did steam-powered locomotives help expand industrial revolution? Steam-powered locomotives carried raw materials, finished goods, and people faster and cheaper than any other kind of transportation.
How was iron used? Iron was used in building and in making machines.
How was land used before the industrial revolution? Local villagers rented the land from landowners and divided it into small strips, each worked by a family.
How were goods transported? Britain had many fine harbors and rivers for transporting goods?
In addition to transporting goods, how else were rivers used? Rivers also provided power for the earliest cotton mills.
Industrialism People began relying on the use of machinery rather than on animal or human power.
James Bessemer Invented an inexpensive way to make large amounts of iron into steel, which was harder and stronger than iron (1856).
James Hargreaves Invented the spinning jenny; spins cotton into thread very quickly.
James Watt Designed a steam engine (1769) that could power the new machines. Steam soon replaced water as the major source of power.
Michael Faraday Discovered that a magnet moving through a coil of copper wire produced an electric current (1831). Within 40 years, this discovery lead to the invention of electric generators.
Orville and Wilbur Wright Successfully tested the first powered airplane (1903).
Partnership Where two or more people owned the business and pooled their own money.
Richard Arkwright Developed a way to power a spinning machine with water.
Robert Fulton Developed a boat powered by a steam engine (1807).
Rudolf Diesel, Gottlieb Daimler Invented internal combustion engines that produced a lot of power by burning oil-based fuels (1880’s).
Samuel Morse Invented the telegraph (1830’s) that made communication possible across great distances by sending coded messages through wires.
Textile Woven cloth
The industrial revolution brought more and better food. How did that help increase Britain’s population? More, better food meant people were healthier, lived longer, and had larger families.
The internal combustion engine lead to what two new kinds of transportation? The car and the airplane.
Thomas Edison Developed the lightbulb
True or False: In the United States most rural workers remained at home to work the fields. False. In the United States, workers, including women and children, left rural areas to work in cities.
True or False. Americans built roads and canals to move goods across the nation, but the soft ground and many mountains prevented them from building railroads. False. Americans build roads, canals, and many railroads.
True or False. The United States had very few natural resources. False. The United States had many natural resources.
What accommodations where provided for first-class train passengers? Fancy, enclosed passenger cars. Plush cloth and leather benches with wood and brass handrails. Seats were located behind the locomotive where the smoke would rise above the train’s front section and not bother the passengers.
What became the leading industrial metal during the 1870’s? Steel
What did many landowners and middle class workers do with the profits they earned? Many landowners and middle class workers invested their profits in businesses. See "capital".
What did many villagers when the enclosure movement forced them to move of the land? Many villagers or peasants moved to the cities and became workers in new industries.
What did the steam locomotive burn in the engine’s firebox? Coal
What fueled the first power plants in Europe and the United States? Coal or oil
What two forms of transportation lead to additional industrial growth? Steamboats and steam-powered locomotives.
What two important natural resources helped Britain’s industrial revolution? Coal and iron
What two ways did people reorganize in order to by machines and build factories? Partnerships and corporations.
Why did factories begin? Machines became too large and expensive for home use.
Why did third-class passengers prefer to travel by train than by stagecoach? Riding a train was faster and cheaper than traveling in uncomfortable stagecoaches.